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 数学公式集 ―― 知っていると便利な公式一覧

■『ありさ と リトこ の物理学ノート』の「探究学習の成果レポート」を読むにあたって、知っていると便利な数学公式を、まとめておきました。ココにまとめておいたのは、とっても基本的なモノばかりで、特別に難しい内容や、珍しい公式は、ないと思います。でも、ココで紹介した内容が、「ありさ と リトこ が、理解できる限界」――という設定。コレ以上に難しいコトは、ウチのウェブサイトでは、扱いません(正直に言うと、藤野の手に負えません)。つまり、「ココにまとめてある内容の意味が、理解できるならば、ウチのウェブサイトの内容は、完全に理解できるし、十分に楽しめる」――という目安にもなっています。

■もちろん、ココで紹介している数学公式を、暗記する必要はありません。必要なときに、「そう言えば、この計算に使えそうな公式が、あった気がするなぁ」と、思い出せれば、十分です。そんなワケで、必要に応じて、ココを参照してくれると、嬉しいです♪


【印刷用 PDF「数学公式集」】(約 166 KB)

【目 次】

ベクトル解析 ―― 便利な公式一覧

三角関数 ―― 便利な公式一覧

双曲線関数 ―― 便利な公式一覧


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 ベクトル解析 ―― 便利な公式一覧
□ $\boldsymbol{A} = (A_{x}, \ A_{y}, \ A_{z})$、$\boldsymbol{B} = (B_{x}, \ B_{y}, \ B_{z})$、$\boldsymbol{C} = (C_{x}, \ C_{y}, \ C_{z})$、$\mathbf{0} = (0, \ 0, \ 0)$
□ $\phi = \mathrm{const.}$(スカラー定数)
□ $x, \ y, \ z$ 方向への単位ベクトル:$\boldsymbol{e}_{x}, \ \boldsymbol{e}_{y}, \ \boldsymbol{e}_{z}$

 ■定義:内積(スカラー積)
\[ \boldsymbol{A} \cdot \boldsymbol{B} = A_{x}B_{x}+A_{y}B_{y}+A_{z}B_{z} \]

 ■定義:外積(ベクトル積)
\[ \begin{align*} \boldsymbol{A} \times \boldsymbol{B} &= (A_{y}B_{z}-A_{z}B_{y}, \ A_{z}B_{x}-A_{x}B_{z}, \ A_{x}B_{y}-A_{y}B_{x}) \\[0.5em] &= (A_{y}B_{z}-A_{z}B_{y})\boldsymbol{e}_{x}+(A_{z}B_{x}-A_{x}B_{z})\boldsymbol{e}_{y}+(A_{x}B_{y}-A_{y}B_{x})\boldsymbol{e}_{z} \end{align*} \]

 ■基本公式
\[ \boldsymbol{A} \cdot \boldsymbol{A} = A^{2} = A_{x}^{2}+A_{y}^{2}+A_{z}^{2} \] \[ \boldsymbol{A} \times \boldsymbol{A} = \mathbf{0} \]

\[ \boldsymbol{A} \cdot \boldsymbol{B} = \boldsymbol{B} \cdot \boldsymbol{A} \] \[ \boldsymbol{A} \times \boldsymbol{B} = -(\boldsymbol{B} \times \boldsymbol{A}) \]

\[ \phi(\boldsymbol{A} \cdot \boldsymbol{B}) = (\phi\boldsymbol{A}) \cdot \boldsymbol{B} = \boldsymbol{A} \cdot (\phi\boldsymbol{B}) \] \[ \phi(\boldsymbol{A} \times \boldsymbol{B}) = (\phi\boldsymbol{A}) \times \boldsymbol{B} = \boldsymbol{A} \times (\phi\boldsymbol{B}) \]

\[ \boldsymbol{A} \cdot (\boldsymbol{B}+\boldsymbol{C}) = (\boldsymbol{A} \cdot \boldsymbol{B})+(\boldsymbol{A} \cdot \boldsymbol{C}) \] \[ \boldsymbol{A} \times (\boldsymbol{B}+\boldsymbol{C}) = (\boldsymbol{A} \times \boldsymbol{B})+(\boldsymbol{A} \times \boldsymbol{C}) \]

\[ \boldsymbol{A} \cdot (\boldsymbol{B} \times \boldsymbol{C}) = \boldsymbol{B} \cdot (\boldsymbol{C} \times \boldsymbol{A}) = \boldsymbol{C} \cdot (\boldsymbol{A} \times \boldsymbol{B}) \] \[ (\boldsymbol{A} \times \boldsymbol{B})^{2} = A^{2}B^{2} - (\boldsymbol{A} \cdot \boldsymbol{B})^{2} \]

\[ \boldsymbol{A} \times (\boldsymbol{B} \times \boldsymbol{C}) = (\boldsymbol{A} \cdot \boldsymbol{C})\boldsymbol{B}-(\boldsymbol{A} \cdot \boldsymbol{B})\boldsymbol{C} \] \[ (\boldsymbol{A} \times \boldsymbol{B}) \times \boldsymbol{C} = (\boldsymbol{A} \cdot \boldsymbol{C})\boldsymbol{B}-(\boldsymbol{B} \cdot \boldsymbol{C})\boldsymbol{A} \]

 ■定義:ナブラベクトル
\[ \nabla = \left(\frac{\partial}{\partial x}, \ \frac{\partial}{\partial y}, \ \frac{\partial}{\partial z}\right) = \boldsymbol{e}_{x}\frac{\partial}{\partial x}+\boldsymbol{e}_{y}\frac{\partial}{\partial y}+\boldsymbol{e}_{z}\frac{\partial}{\partial z} \]

 ■微分公式
\[ \nabla \cdot \boldsymbol{A} = \mathrm{div}\boldsymbol{A} = \frac{\partial A_{x}}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial A_{y}}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial A_{z}}{\partial z} \] \[ \begin{align*} \nabla \times \boldsymbol{A} = \mathrm{rot}\boldsymbol{A} &= \left(\frac{\partial A_{z}}{\partial y}-\frac{\partial A_{y}}{\partial z}, \ \frac{\partial A_{x}}{\partial z}-\frac{\partial A_{z}}{\partial x}, \ \frac{\partial A_{y}}{\partial x}-\frac{\partial A_{x}}{\partial y}\right) \\[0.5em] &= \left(\frac{\partial A_{z}}{\partial y}-\frac{\partial A_{y}}{\partial z}\right)\boldsymbol{e}_{x}+\left(\frac{\partial A_{x}}{\partial z}-\frac{\partial A_{z}}{\partial x}\right)\boldsymbol{e}_{y}+\left(\frac{\partial A_{y}}{\partial x}-\frac{\partial A_{x}}{\partial y}\right)\boldsymbol{e}_{z} \end{align*} \]

\[ \begin{align*} &\nabla \cdot (\boldsymbol{A}+\boldsymbol{B}) = \nabla \cdot \boldsymbol{A}+\nabla \cdot \boldsymbol{B} \quad &&\Leftrightarrow \quad \mathrm{div}(\boldsymbol{A}+\boldsymbol{B}) = \mathrm{div}\boldsymbol{A}+\mathrm{div}\boldsymbol{B} \\[0.5em] &\nabla \times (\boldsymbol{A}+\boldsymbol{B}) = \nabla \times \boldsymbol{A}+\nabla \times \boldsymbol{B} \quad &&\Leftrightarrow \quad \mathrm{rot}(\boldsymbol{A}+\boldsymbol{B}) = \mathrm{rot}\boldsymbol{A}+\mathrm{rot}\boldsymbol{B} \end{align*} \]

\[ \nabla \cdot (\boldsymbol{A} \times \boldsymbol{B}) = \boldsymbol{B} \cdot (\nabla \times \boldsymbol{A})-\boldsymbol{A} \cdot (\nabla \times \boldsymbol{B}) \quad \Leftrightarrow \quad \mathrm{div}(\boldsymbol{A} \times \boldsymbol{B}) = \boldsymbol{B} \cdot (\mathrm{rot}\boldsymbol{A})-\boldsymbol{A} \cdot (\mathrm{rot}\boldsymbol{B}) \]

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 三角関数 ―― 便利な公式一覧

 ■周期性
\[ \sin{( \alpha \pm 2\pi )} = \sin{\alpha} \] \[ \cos{( \alpha \pm 2\pi )} =\cos{\alpha} \] \[ \tan{( \alpha \pm \pi )} = \tan{\alpha} \]

 ■対称性と平行移動
\[ \sin{( -\alpha )} = -\sin{\alpha} \] \[ \cos{( -\alpha )} = \cos{\alpha} \] \[ \tan{( -\alpha )} = -\tan{\alpha} \]
\[ \sin{\left( \alpha + \frac{\pi}{2} \right)} = \cos{\alpha} \] \[ \cos{\left( \alpha + \frac{\pi}{2} \right)} = -\sin{\alpha} \] \[ \tan{\left( \alpha + \frac{\pi}{4} \right)} = \frac{\ 1 + \tan{\alpha} \ {}}{\ 1 - \tan{\alpha} \ {}} \]
\[ \sin{\left( \alpha - \frac{\pi}{2} \right)} = -\cos{\alpha} \] \[ \cos{\left( \alpha - \frac{\pi}{2} \right)} = \sin{\alpha} \] \[ \tan{\left( \alpha - \frac{\pi}{4} \right)} = \frac{\ \tan{\alpha} - 1 \ {}}{\ \tan{\alpha} + 1 \ {}} \]
\[ \sin{( \alpha + \pi )} = -\sin{\alpha} \] \[ \cos{( \alpha + \pi )} = -\cos{\alpha} \] \[ \tan{\left( \alpha + \frac{\pi}{2} \right)} = -\frac{1}{\tan{\alpha}} \]
\[ \sin{( \alpha - \pi )} = -\sin{\alpha} \] \[ \cos{( \alpha - \pi )} = -\cos{\alpha} \] \[ \tan{\left( \alpha - \frac{\pi}{2} \right)} = -\frac{1}{\tan{\alpha}} \]

 ■級数展開
\[ \sin{\alpha} = \alpha - \frac{\alpha^{3}}{3!} + \frac{\alpha^{5}}{5!} - \frac{\alpha^{7}}{7!} + \cdots \] \[ \cos{\alpha} = 1 - \frac{\alpha^{2}}{2!} + \frac{\alpha^{4}}{4!} - \frac{\alpha^{6}}{6!} + \cdots \]
\[ \tan{\alpha} = \alpha + \frac{1}{3}\alpha^{3} + \frac{2}{15}\alpha^{5} + \frac{17}{315}\alpha^{7} + \cdots \\[0.5em] \hspace{7em} \left( \, \mbox{ただし、} -\frac{\pi}{2} < \alpha < \frac{\pi}{2} \, \right) \]

 ■基本公式
\[ \sin^{2}{\alpha} + \cos^{2}{\alpha} = 1 \] \[ \quad \Longrightarrow \ \tan^{2}{\alpha} + 1 = \frac{1}{\cos^{2}{\alpha}} \]
\[ \sin{( \alpha \pm \beta )} = \sin{\alpha} \, \cos{\beta} \pm \cos{\alpha} \, \sin{\beta} \] \[ \cos{( \alpha \pm \beta )} = \cos{\alpha} \, \cos{\beta} \mp \sin{\alpha} \, \sin{\beta} \] \[ \quad \Longrightarrow \ \tan{( \alpha \pm \beta )} = \frac{\tan{\alpha} \pm \tan{\beta}}{\ 1 \mp \tan{\alpha} \, \tan{\beta} \ {}} \]
\[ \sin{\alpha} + \sin{\beta} = 2 \, \sin{\left( \frac{\alpha + \beta}{2} \right)} \, \cos{\left( \frac{\alpha - \beta}{2} \right)} \] \[ \sin{\alpha} - \sin{\beta} = 2 \, \cos{\left( \frac{\alpha + \beta}{2} \right)} \, \sin{\left( \frac{\alpha - \beta}{2} \right)} \] \[ \cos{\alpha} + \cos{\beta} = 2 \, \cos{\left( \frac{\alpha + \beta}{2} \right)} \, \cos{\left( \frac{\alpha - \beta}{2} \right)} \] \[ \cos{\alpha} - \cos{\beta} = -2 \, \sin{\left( \frac{\alpha + \beta}{2} \right)} \, \sin{\left( \frac{\alpha - \beta}{2} \right)} \] \[ \tan{\alpha} \pm \tan{\beta} = \frac{\ \sin{( \alpha \pm \beta )} \ {}}{\ \cos{\alpha} \, \cos{\beta} \ {}} \]
\[ \sin{( 2 \alpha )} = 2 \, \sin{\alpha} \, \cos{\alpha} \] \[ \cos{( 2 \alpha )} = \cos^{2}{\alpha} - \sin^{2}{\alpha} \\[0.5em] \hspace{4.5em} = 2 \, \cos^{2}{\alpha} - 1 \quad = 1 - 2 \, \sin^{2}{\alpha} \] \[ \quad \Longrightarrow \ \tan{( 2 \alpha )} = \frac{2 \, \tan{\alpha}}{\ 1 - \tan^{2}{\alpha} \ {}} \]
\[ \sin^{2}{\alpha} = \frac{1}{2} \, ( 1 - \cos{2 \alpha} ) \] \[ \cos^{2}{\alpha} = \frac{1}{2} \, ( 1 + \cos{2 \alpha} ) \] \[ \quad \Longrightarrow \ \tan^{2}{\alpha} = \frac{\ 1 - \cos{2 \alpha} \ {}}{\ 1 + \cos{2 \alpha} \ {}} \] \[ \begin{align*} \hspace{4em} \Longrightarrow \ &\cos{( 2 \alpha )} = \frac{\ 1 - \tan^{2}{\alpha} \ {}}{1 + \tan^{2}{\alpha} \ {}} \\[1em] &\sin{( 2 \alpha )} = \frac{2 \, \tan{\alpha}}{\ 1 + \tan^{2}{\alpha} \ {}} \end{align*} \]
\[ \begin{align*} &a \, \sin{\alpha} + b \, \cos{\alpha} = \sqrt{a^{2} + b^{2}} \, \sin{( \alpha + \phi )} \\[0.5em] &\hspace{1.5em} \phi = \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} \tan^{-1}{( b/a )} & \mbox{($a \ge 0$ のとき)} \\ \tan^{-1}{( b/a )} + \pi & \mbox{($a < 0$ のとき)} \\ \end{array} \right. \end{align*} \]

 ■逆関数
\[ \begin{align*} &\sin{(\sin^{-1}{\alpha})} = \alpha \ , \ &&\sin^{-1}{(\sin{\alpha})} = \alpha \\[0.5em] &\cos{(\cos^{-1}{\alpha})} = \alpha \ , \ &&\cos^{-1}{(\cos{\alpha})} = \alpha \\[0.5em] &\tan{(\tan^{-1}{\alpha})} = \alpha \ , \ &&\tan^{-1}{(\tan{\alpha})} = \alpha \end{align*} \]
\[ \sin^{-1}{( -\alpha )} = -\sin^{-1}{\alpha} \] \[ \cos^{-1}{( -\alpha )} = \pi - \cos^{-1}{\alpha} \] \[ \tan^{-1}{( -\alpha )} = -\tan^{-1}{\alpha} \]
\[ \sin^{-1}{\alpha} = \frac{\pi}{2} - \cos^{-1}{\alpha} \]
\[ \sin{(\cos^{-1}{\alpha})} = \sqrt{1 - \alpha^{2}} \] \[ \sin{(\tan^{-1}{\alpha})} = \frac{\alpha}{\sqrt{1 + \alpha^{2}}} \]
\[ \cos{(\sin^{-1}{\alpha})} = \sqrt{1 - \alpha^{2}} \] \[ \cos{(\tan^{-1}{\alpha})} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + \alpha^{2}}} \]
\[ \tan{(\sin^{-1}{\alpha})} = \frac{\alpha}{\sqrt{1 - \alpha^{2}}} \] \[ \tan{(\cos^{-1}{\alpha})} = \frac{\sqrt{1 - \alpha^{2}}}{\alpha} \]

 ■級数展開
\[ \sin^{-1}{\alpha} = \alpha + \frac{1}{2} \, \frac{\alpha^{3}}{3} + \frac{1}{2} \, \frac{3}{4} \, \frac{\alpha^{5}}{5} \\[1em] \hspace{4.5em} + \frac{1}{2} \, \frac{3}{4} \, \frac{5}{6} \, \frac{\alpha^{7}}{7}+ \frac{1}{2} \, \frac{3}{4} \, \frac{5}{6} \, \frac{7}{8} \, \frac{\alpha^{9}}{9} + \cdots \] \[ \cos^{-1}{\alpha} = \frac{\pi}{2} - \sin^{-1}{\alpha} \\[0.5em] \hspace{8em} \mbox{(ただし、$-1 < \alpha < 1$ )} \]
\[ \tan^{-1}{\alpha} = \alpha - \frac{\alpha^{3}}{3} + \frac{\alpha^{5}}{5} - \frac{\alpha^{7}}{7} + \frac{\alpha^{9}}{9} - \cdots \\[0.5em] \hspace{8em} \mbox{(ただし、$-1 \le \alpha \le 1$ )} \]

 ■微積分
\[ \frac{d}{d\alpha}\sin{\alpha} = \cos{\alpha} \] \[ \frac{d}{d\alpha}\cos{\alpha} = -\sin{\alpha} \] \[ \frac{d}{d\alpha}\tan{\alpha} = \frac{1}{\cos^{2}{\alpha}} \quad = 1 + \tan^{2}{\alpha} \]
\[ \frac{d}{d\alpha}\sin^{-1}{\alpha} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - \alpha^{2}}} \] \[ \frac{d}{d\alpha}\cos^{-1}{\alpha} = -\frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - \alpha^{2}}} \] \[ \frac{d}{d\alpha}\tan^{-1}{\alpha} = \frac{1}{1 + \alpha^{2}} \]
□ $C$:積分定数 \[ \int \sin{\alpha} \ d\alpha = -\cos{\alpha} + C \] \[ \int \cos{\alpha} \ d\alpha = \sin{\alpha} + C \] \[ \int \tan{\alpha} \ d\alpha = -\ln{\lvert \, \cos{\alpha} \, \rvert} + C \]
□ $C$:積分定数 \[ \int \frac{1}{\sin{\alpha}} \ d\alpha = \frac{1}{2} \, \ln{\left( \frac{\ 1 - \cos{\alpha} \ {}}{\ 1 + \cos{\alpha} \ {}} \right)} + C \] \[ \int \frac{1}{\cos{\alpha}} \ d\alpha = \frac{1}{2} \, \ln{\left( \frac{\ 1 + \sin{\alpha} \ {}}{\ 1 - \sin{\alpha} \ {}} \right)} + C \] \[ \int \frac{1}{\tan{\alpha}} \ d\alpha = \ln{\lvert \, \sin{\alpha} \, \rvert} + C \]
□ $C$:積分定数 \[ \int \sin^{-1}{\alpha} \ d\alpha = \alpha \, \sin^{-1}{\alpha} + \sqrt{1 - \alpha^{2}} + C \] \[ \int \cos^{-1}{\alpha} \ d\alpha = \alpha \, \cos^{-1}{\alpha} - \sqrt{1 - \alpha^{2}} + C \] \[ \int \tan^{-1}{\alpha} \ d\alpha = \alpha \, \tan^{-1}{\alpha} - \ln{\sqrt{1 + \alpha^{2}}} + C \]

 ■ワイエルシュトラスの置換

□ $\sin{\alpha}, \ \cos{\alpha}$ のみの有理式(たとえば、$1/(1+\cos{\alpha})^{2}$ とか)の積分では、次の変数変換が、とても有効です。この変数変換は、「ワイエルシュトラスの置換」などと呼ばれています。 \[ \begin{align*} &u = \tan{\left( \frac{\alpha}{2} \right)} \ \Longrightarrow \ d\alpha = \frac{2}{1 + u^{2}} \, du \quad \mbox{および} \quad &&\sin{\alpha} = \frac{2u}{1 + u^{2}} \, , \quad \cos{\alpha} = \frac{\ 1 - u^{2} \ {}}{\ 1 + u^{2} \ {}} \, , \\[1em] & &&u = \frac{\sin{\alpha}}{\ 1 + \cos{\alpha} \ {}} \, , \quad u^{2} = \frac{\ 1 - \cos{\alpha} \ {}}{\ 1 + \cos{\alpha} \ {}} \end{align*} \]

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 双曲線関数 ―― 便利な公式一覧

 ■定義と基本公式

 ■逆関数
\[ \sinh{x} = \frac{e^{x}-e^{-x}}{2} \] \[ \cosh{x} = \frac{e^{x}+e^{-x}}{2} \] \[ \tanh{x} = \frac{\sinh{x}}{\cosh{x}} = \frac{e^{x}-e^{-x}}{e^{x}+e^{-x}} \]
\[ \cosh{x}+\sinh{x} = e^{x} \] \[ \cosh{x}-\sinh{x} = e^{-x} \]
\[ \cosh^{2}{x}-\sinh^{2}{x} = 1 \]
\[ \sinh{(\alpha \pm \beta)} = \sinh{\alpha}\cosh{\beta} \pm \cosh{\alpha}\sinh{\beta} \] \[ \cosh{(\alpha \pm \beta)} = \cosh{\alpha}\cosh{\beta} \pm \sinh{\alpha}\sinh{\beta} \] \[ \tanh{(\alpha \pm \beta)} = \frac{\tanh{\alpha} \pm \tanh{\beta}}{1 \pm \tanh{\alpha}\tanh{\beta}} \] \[ \sinh{(2 \alpha)} = 2\sinh{\alpha}\cosh{\alpha} \] \[ \cosh{(2 \alpha)} = 2\cosh^{2}{\alpha} - 1 \quad = 2\sinh^{2}{\alpha} + 1 \]
\[ \sinh{x} = x + \frac{x^{3}}{3!} + \frac{x^{5}}{5!} + \frac{x^{7}}{7!} + \cdots \] \[ \cosh{x} = 1 + \frac{x^{2}}{2!} + \frac{x^{4}}{4!} + \frac{x^{6}}{6!} + \cdots \] \[ \tanh{x} = x - \frac{1}{3}x^{3} + \frac{2}{15}x^{5} - \frac{17}{315}x^{7} + \cdots \]
\[ \begin{align*} &\sinh{(\sinh^{-1}{x})} = x \ , \ &&\sinh^{-1}{(\sinh{x})} = x \\[0.5em] &\cosh{(\cosh^{-1}{x})} = x \ , \ &&\cosh^{-1}{(\cosh{x})} = x \\[0.5em] &\tanh{(\tanh^{-1}{x})} = x \ , \ &&\tanh^{-1}{(\tanh{x})} = x \end{align*} \]
\[ \begin{align*} \sinh^{-1}{x} &= \ln{\left(x+\sqrt{x^{2}+1}\right)} \\[0.5em] &\quad = \cosh^{-1}{\left(\sqrt{x^{2}+1}\right)} \\[0.5em] &\quad = \tanh^{-1}{\left(\frac{x}{\sqrt{x^{2}+1}}\right)} \end{align*} \] \[ \begin{align*} \cosh^{-1}{x} &= \ln{\left(x+\sqrt{x^{2}-1}\right)} \\[0.5em] &\quad = \sinh^{-1}{\left(\sqrt{x^{2}-1}\right)} \\[0.5em] &\quad = \tanh^{-1}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{x^{2}-1}}{x}\right)} \end{align*} \] \[ \tanh^{-1}{x} = \frac{1}{2}\ln{\left(\frac{1+x}{1-x}\right)} \]
\[ \sinh{(\cosh^{-1}{x})} = \sqrt{x^{2}-1} \] \[ \cosh{(\sinh^{-1}{x})} = \sqrt{x^{2}+1} \] \[ \tanh{(\sinh^{-1}{x})} = \frac{x}{\sqrt{x^{2}+1}} \] \[ \tanh{(\cosh^{-1}{x})} = \frac{\sqrt{x^{2}-1}}{x} \]

 ■微積分
\[ \frac{d}{dx}\sinh{x} = \cosh{x} \] \[ \frac{d}{dx}\cosh{x} = \sinh{x} \] \[ \frac{d}{dx}\tanh{x} = \frac{1}{\cosh^{2}{x}} = 1-\tanh^{2}{x} \] \[ \frac{d}{dx}\sinh^{-1}{x} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{x^{2}+1}} \\[1.5em] \frac{d}{dx}\cosh^{-1}{x} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{x^{2}-1}} \\[1.5em] \frac{d}{dx}\tanh^{-1}{x} = \frac{1}{1-x^{2}} \]
□ $C$:積分定数 \[ \int \sinh{x} \ dx = \cosh{x} + C \\[1.5em] \int \cosh{x} \ dx = \sinh{x} + C \\[1.5em] \int \tanh{x} \ dx = \ln{(\cosh{x})} + C \]


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